Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer: GBD 2019

Disease Overview

The trachea, commonly referred to as the windpipe, is part of the lower respiratory tract that connects the larynx (lower portion of the upper respiratory tract) to the primary bronchi, which biforcate from the trachea and lead to each lung. Most cases of tracheal and bronchus cancer are secondary to primary cancer in other sites; however, primary cancers can occur in these sites as well [Sherani-et-al-2015-LC], [Javidan-Nejad-2010-LC]. Notably, tracheal cancer makes up only a small portion of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancers [Sherani-et-al-2015-LC], [Javidan-Nejad-2010-LC].

Lung cancer screening and diagnosis is performed via low-dose computed topography (LDCT), which provides an image of the chest. Screening guidelines typically depend on age, smoking history, and current health status. Bronchus and tracheal cancer diagnoses are performed using LDCT as well as bronchioscopy (or a scope of the respiratory tract) [Sherani-et-al-2015-LC], [Javidan-Nejad-2010-LC].

Risk factors for lung cancer include genetic and environmental factors, notably tobacco smoke and air pollution. Despite advances in TCL cancer early detection and therapy options, its burden is still increasing due to an aging popuation and risk factors such as smoking history [Deng-et-al-2020-LC].

GBD 2019 Modeling Strategy

Cause Hierarchy

Restrictions

The following table describes any restrictions in GBD 2019 on the effects of this cause (such as being only fatal or only nonfatal), as well as restrictions on the ages and sexes to which the cause applies.

GBD 2019 Cause Restrictions

Restriction Type	Value	Notes
Male only
Female only
YLL only
YLD only
YLL age group start
YLL age group end
YLD age group start
YLD age group end

Vivarium Modeling Strategy

Todo

Add an overview of the Vivarium modeling section.

Scope

Todo

Describe which aspects of the disease this cause model is designed to simulate, and which aspects it is not designed to simulate.

Assumptions and Limitations

Todo

Describe the clinical and mathematical assumptions made for this cause model, and the limitations these assumptions impose on the applicability of the model.

Cause Model Diagram

State and Transition Data Tables

This section gives necessary information to software engineers for building the model. This section usually contains four tables: Definitions, State Data, Transition Data and Data Sources.

Definitions

This table contains the definitions of all the states in cause model diagram.

State Definitions

State	State Name	Definition

States Data

This table contains the measures and their values for each state in cause-model diagram. This information is used to initialize the model.

States Data

State	Measure	Value	Notes
State	prevalence
State	birth prevalence
State	excess mortality rate
State	disabilty weights
ALL	cause specific mortality rate

Transition Data

This table contains the measures needed for transition from one state to other in the cause model.

Transition Data

Transition	Source	Sink	Value	Notes
i	S	I
r	I	R

Data Sources

This table contains the data sources for all the measures. The table structure and common measures are as below:

Data Sources

Measure	Sources	Description	Notes
prevalence_cid
birth_prevalence_cid
deaths_cid
population
sequelae_cid
incidence_rate_cid
remission_rate_mid
disability_weight_s{sid}
prevalence_s{sid}

Validation Criteria

References

[Deng-et-al-2020-LC]

Deng, Yujiao, et al. “Epidemiological trends of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer at the global, regional, and national levels: a population-based study.” Journal of hematology & oncology 13.1 (2020): 1-16. Available here

[Javidan-Nejad-2010-LC] (1,2,3)

Javidan-Nejad, Cylen. “MDCT of trachea and main bronchi.” Radiologic Clinics 48.1 (2010): 157-176. Available here

[Sherani-et-al-2015-LC] (1,2,3)

Sherani, Khalid, et al. “Malignant tracheal tumors: a review of current diagnostic and management strategies.” Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 21.4 (2015): 322-326. Available here