.. _2019_lung_cancer:

==============================================
Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer: GBD 2019
==============================================

.. contents::
   :local:
   :depth: 1

Disease Overview
----------------

The trachea, commonly referred to as the windpipe, is part of the lower respiratory tract that connects the larynx (lower portion of the upper respiratory tract) to the primary bronchi, which biforcate from the trachea and lead to each lung. Most cases of tracheal and bronchus cancer are secondary to primary cancer in other sites; however, primary cancers can occur in these sites as well [Sherani-et-al-2015-LC]_, [Javidan-Nejad-2010-LC]_. Notably, tracheal cancer makes up only a small portion of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancers [Sherani-et-al-2015-LC]_, [Javidan-Nejad-2010-LC]_. 

Lung cancer screening and diagnosis is performed via low-dose computed topography (LDCT), which provides an image of the chest. Screening guidelines typically depend on age, smoking history, and current health status. Bronchus and tracheal cancer diagnoses are performed using LDCT as well as bronchioscopy (or a scope of the respiratory tract) [Sherani-et-al-2015-LC]_, [Javidan-Nejad-2010-LC]_. 

Risk factors for lung cancer include genetic and environmental factors, notably tobacco smoke and air pollution. Despite advances in TCL cancer early detection and therapy options, its burden is still increasing due to an aging popuation and risk factors such as smoking history [Deng-et-al-2020-LC]_.

GBD 2019 Modeling Strategy
--------------------------

Cause Hierarchy
+++++++++++++++

Restrictions
++++++++++++

The following table describes any restrictions in GBD 2019 on the effects of
this cause (such as being only fatal or only nonfatal), as well as restrictions
on the ages and sexes to which the cause applies.

.. list-table:: GBD 2019 Cause Restrictions
   :widths: 15 15 20
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Restriction Type
     - Value
     - Notes
   * - Male only
     - 
     -
   * - Female only
     - 
     -
   * - YLL only
     - 
     -
   * - YLD only
     - 
     -
   * - YLL age group start
     - 
     - 
   * - YLL age group end
     - 
     - 
   * - YLD age group start
     - 
     - 
   * - YLD age group end
     - 
     - 

Vivarium Modeling Strategy
--------------------------

.. todo::

  Add an overview of the Vivarium modeling section.

Scope
+++++

.. todo::

  Describe which aspects of the disease this cause model is designed to
  simulate, and which aspects it is **not** designed to simulate.

Assumptions and Limitations
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

.. todo::

  Describe the clinical and mathematical assumptions made for this cause model,
  and the limitations these assumptions impose on the applicability of the
  model.

Cause Model Diagram
+++++++++++++++++++

State and Transition Data Tables
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

This section gives necessary information to software engineers for building the model. 
This section usually contains four tables: Definitions, State Data, Transition Data and Data Sources.

Definitions
"""""""""""

This table contains the definitions of all the states in **cause model diagram**. 

.. list-table:: State Definitions
   :widths: 5 5 20
   :header-rows: 1

   * - State
     - State Name
     - Definition
   * - 
     - 
     - 
   * - 
     - 
     - 

States Data
"""""""""""

This table contains the **measures** and their **values** for each state in cause-model diagram. This information is used to 
initialize the model. 

.. list-table:: States Data
   :widths: 20 25 30 30
   :header-rows: 1
   
   * - State
     - Measure
     - Value
     - Notes
   * - State
     - prevalence
     - 
     - 
   * - State
     - birth prevalence
     - 
     - 
   * - State
     - excess mortality rate
     - 
     - 
   * - State
     - disabilty weights
     - 
     -
   * - ALL
     - cause specific mortality rate
     - 
     - 

Transition Data
"""""""""""""""

This table contains the measures needed for transition from one state to other in the cause model. 

.. list-table:: Transition Data
   :widths: 10 10 10 20 30
   :header-rows: 1
   
   * - Transition
     - Source 
     - Sink 
     - Value
     - Notes
   * - i
     - S
     - I
     - 
     - 
   * - r
     - I
     - R
     - 	
     - 

Data Sources
""""""""""""

This table contains the data sources for all the measures. The table structure and common measures are as below:

.. list-table:: Data Sources
   :widths: 20 25 25 25
   :header-rows: 1
   
   * - Measure
     - Sources
     - Description
     - Notes
   * - prevalence_cid
     - 
     - 
     - 
   * - birth_prevalence_cid
     - 
     - 
     -
   * - deaths_cid
     - 
     - 
     - 
   * - population
     - 
     - 
     - 
   * - sequelae_cid
     - 
     - 
     - 
   * - incidence_rate_cid
     - 
     - 
     - 
   * - remission_rate_mid
     - 
     - 
     - 
   * - disability_weight_s{`sid`}
     - 
     - 
     - 
   * - prevalence_s{`sid`}
     - 
     - 
     - 

Validation Criteria
+++++++++++++++++++

References
----------

.. [Deng-et-al-2020-LC]

  Deng, Yujiao, et al. "Epidemiological trends of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer at the global, regional, and national levels: a population-based study." Journal of hematology & oncology 13.1 (2020): 1-16. `Available here <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32690044/>`_

.. [Javidan-Nejad-2010-LC]

  Javidan-Nejad, Cylen. "MDCT of trachea and main bronchi." Radiologic Clinics 48.1 (2010): 157-176. `Available here <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19995634/>`__

.. [Sherani-et-al-2015-LC]

  Sherani, Khalid, et al. "Malignant tracheal tumors: a review of current diagnostic and management strategies." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 21.4 (2015): 322-326. `Available here <https://journals.lww.com/co-pulmonarymedicine/Abstract/2015/07000/Malignant_tracheal_tumors__a_review_of_current.4.aspx>`__