Neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and birth trauma

Disease Description

Case definition in GBD 2017

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) due to birth asphyxia and birth trauma, also called hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, is defined as injury to the brain in the first few moments or days of life in an infant born at term. NE has multiple aetiologies and is defined more by its symptoms – abnormal neurological function, including reduced level of consciousness, seizures, depression of tone and reflexes, or difficulty maintaining respiration – than its origin. NE can occur when an infant is deprived of oxygen during delivery or sustains physical trauma to the head, among other causes.

Todo

Add more information about neonatal encephalopathy. Here are some informative links, found by googling “neonatal encephalopathy”:

• https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/neonatal-encephalopathy

• https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-neonatal-encephalopathy

• https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/133/5/e1482

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_encephalopathy

Modeling neonatal encephalopathy in GBD 2017

Todo

Describe GBD modeling process.

Cause Hierarchy

Cause Model Diagram

There are two possible states for this cause, with-condition, and free-of-condition:

There is no transition between the states. Thus, incidence and remission rates are zero.

Data Description

State and Transition Data Tables

State Definitions

State	State Name	Definition
C	With Condition	Infant developed encephalopathy
F	Free of Condition	Infant did not develop encephalopathy

State Data

State	Measure	Value	Notes
C	prevalence	prevalence_c382
C	birth prevalence	birth_prevalence_c382
C	excess mortality rate	\(\frac{\text{deaths\_c382}}{\text{population} \,\times\, \text{prevalence\_c382}}\)	= (cause-specific mortality rate) / prevalence
C	disability weight	\(\displaystyle{\sum_{s\in \text{sequelae\_c382}}} \scriptstyle{\text{disability\_weight}_s \,\times\, \text{prevalence}_s}\)	= average disability weight over all sequelae
F	prevalence	1 – prevalence_c382
F	birth prevalence	1 – birth_prevalence_c382
F	excess mortality rate	0
F	disability weight	0
All	cause-specific mortality rate	\(\frac{\text{deaths\_c382}}{\text{population}}\)

Transition Data

Transition	Source State	Sink State	Value	Notes
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Data Sources and Definitions

Value	Source	Description	Notes
prevalence_c382	como	Prevalence of neonatal encephalopathy
birth_prevalence_c382	como	Birth prevalence of neonatal encephalopathy	age_group_id = 164 (at birth) and measure = 6 (incidence)
deaths_c382	codcorrect	Deaths from neonatal encephalopathy
population	demography	Mid-year population for given age/sex/year/location
sequelae_c382	gbd_mapping	List of 17 sequelae for neonatal encephalopathy
prevalence_s{sid}	como	Prevalence of sequela with id sid
disability_weight_s{sid}	YLD Appendix	Disability weight of sequela with id sid

Todo

Finalize heading structure and titles, once we have several sufficiently complete cause documents. E.g. should the title of this section be “Data Description” or “State and Transition Data Tables” since that’s more descriptive? Will there be other subsections here?

Model Assumptions and Limitations

Restrictions

The following table describes any restrictions in GBD 2017 on the effects of this cause (such as being only fatal or only nonfatal), as well as restrictions on the ages and sexes to which the cause applies.

GBD 2017 Cause Restrictions

Restriction Type	Value	Notes
Male only	False
Female only	False
YLL only	False
YLD only	False
YLL age group start	Early Neonatal	[0, 7 days), age_group_id=2
YLL age group end	Post Neonatal	[28 days, 1 year), age_group_id=4
YLD age group start	Early Neonatal	[0, 7 days), age_group_id=2
YLD age group end	95 plus	[95, 125 years), age_group_id=235

Scope

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Describe assumptions and limitations of the model.

Validation Criteria

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Describe tests for model validation.

References