GBD 2023 Hemoglobin Model

There were significant changes to the GBD modeling strategy for iron deficiency/hemoglobin as a risk factor between the GBD 2021 and GBD 2023 rounds. Notably, a final decision has not yet been made (as of March 2025) as to whether the strategy used in prior GBD rounds (iron deficiency risk factor, consistent with the 2019/2021 implementation) or the new strategy (hemoglobin risk factor) will be included for publication in GBD 2023.

However, GBD teams have completed risk exposure and risk effect estimation (for a subset of affected outcomes) for an updated hemoglobin risk factor as of March 2025. See the hemoglobin risk exposure and hemoglobin risk effects risk factor pages for details.